- Assessment
68–95–99.7 Rule
About 68% of scores fall within 1 SD of the mean, 95% within 2 SDs, and 99.7% within 3 SDs of a normal distribution.
- Assessment
z-Score vs T-Score
z: mean 0, SD 1. T: mean 50, SD 10 (T = 50 + 10z), so z = +1.5 equals T = 65. T-scores avoid negatives — common on the MMPI.
- Theories
Rogers's Core Conditions
Unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and congruence — necessary and sufficient for growth in person-centered therapy.
- Theories
REBT ABC(DE) Model
A = activating event, B = belief, C = consequence; D = disputing the irrational belief, E = effective new philosophy. The belief drives the consequence.
- Diagnosis
Psychosis Duration Rule
Brief psychotic disorder: 1 day–1 month, full return. Schizophreniform: 1–6 months. Schizophrenia: 6+ months with 1+ month of active symptoms.
- Diagnosis
Bipolar I vs II vs Cyclothymia
Bipolar I: at least one full manic episode. Bipolar II: hypomania plus major depression, never mania. Cyclothymia: 2+ years of subthreshold swings.
- Diagnosis
ASD vs PTSD vs Adjustment
Acute stress disorder: trauma symptoms 3 days–1 month. PTSD: past 1 month. Adjustment disorder: out-of-proportion distress from an ordinary stressor.
- Ethics
Tarasoff Duty
Tarasoff v. Regents (1976): duty to protect identifiable victims of a client’s serious threat — broadened from the 1974 duty to warn.
- Ethics
Jaffee v. Redmond (1996)
The US Supreme Court recognized psychotherapist–client privilege in federal courts, extending it to licensed therapists.
- Development
Piaget's Four Stages
Sensorimotor (0–2), Preoperational (2–7), Concrete Operational (7–11), Formal Operational (11+). Order is fixed; rates vary.
- Development
Worden's Tasks of Mourning
Accept the reality of the loss; process the pain; adjust to a world without the deceased; find an enduring connection while moving forward.
- Career
Holland RIASEC Types
Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional — best fit when person and environment types match (congruence).
- Career
Super's Life-Span Stages
Growth (to 14), Exploration (15–24), Establishment (25–44), Maintenance (45–64), Disengagement (65+). People recycle after career changes.
- Group Work
Tuckman's Five Stages
Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning. Storming is conflict; Norming is cohesion; Performing is productive work.
- Diversity
Sue's Microaggression Subtypes
Micro-assault (deliberate), micro-insult (demeaning), micro-invalidation (dismisses lived experience) — brief slights sending hostile messages.
- Research
Cohen's d Benchmarks
Roughly 0.2 small, 0.5 medium, 0.8 large — the difference between two means expressed in standard-deviation units.
- Assessment
68–95–99.7 Rule
About 68% of scores fall within 1 SD of the mean, 95% within 2 SDs, and 99.7% within 3 SDs of a normal distribution.
- Assessment
z-Score vs T-Score
z: mean 0, SD 1. T: mean 50, SD 10 (T = 50 + 10z), so z = +1.5 equals T = 65. T-scores avoid negatives — common on the MMPI.
- Theories
Rogers's Core Conditions
Unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and congruence — necessary and sufficient for growth in person-centered therapy.
- Theories
REBT ABC(DE) Model
A = activating event, B = belief, C = consequence; D = disputing the irrational belief, E = effective new philosophy. The belief drives the consequence.
- Diagnosis
Psychosis Duration Rule
Brief psychotic disorder: 1 day–1 month, full return. Schizophreniform: 1–6 months. Schizophrenia: 6+ months with 1+ month of active symptoms.
- Diagnosis
Bipolar I vs II vs Cyclothymia
Bipolar I: at least one full manic episode. Bipolar II: hypomania plus major depression, never mania. Cyclothymia: 2+ years of subthreshold swings.
- Diagnosis
ASD vs PTSD vs Adjustment
Acute stress disorder: trauma symptoms 3 days–1 month. PTSD: past 1 month. Adjustment disorder: out-of-proportion distress from an ordinary stressor.
- Ethics
Tarasoff Duty
Tarasoff v. Regents (1976): duty to protect identifiable victims of a client’s serious threat — broadened from the 1974 duty to warn.
- Ethics
Jaffee v. Redmond (1996)
The US Supreme Court recognized psychotherapist–client privilege in federal courts, extending it to licensed therapists.
- Development
Piaget's Four Stages
Sensorimotor (0–2), Preoperational (2–7), Concrete Operational (7–11), Formal Operational (11+). Order is fixed; rates vary.
- Development
Worden's Tasks of Mourning
Accept the reality of the loss; process the pain; adjust to a world without the deceased; find an enduring connection while moving forward.
- Career
Holland RIASEC Types
Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional — best fit when person and environment types match (congruence).
- Career
Super's Life-Span Stages
Growth (to 14), Exploration (15–24), Establishment (25–44), Maintenance (45–64), Disengagement (65+). People recycle after career changes.
- Group Work
Tuckman's Five Stages
Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning. Storming is conflict; Norming is cohesion; Performing is productive work.
- Diversity
Sue's Microaggression Subtypes
Micro-assault (deliberate), micro-insult (demeaning), micro-invalidation (dismisses lived experience) — brief slights sending hostile messages.
- Research
Cohen's d Benchmarks
Roughly 0.2 small, 0.5 medium, 0.8 large — the difference between two means expressed in standard-deviation units.