- Language Dev
Late Talker Criteria
At 24 months: under 50 words and/or no two-word combinations, with typical hearing, cognition, and receptive language. A delay, not yet a diagnosis.
- Language Dev
Early Lexical Milestones
First words around 12 months; a ~50-word expressive vocabulary plus first two-word combinations by 18–24 months.
- Language Dev
Brown's Earliest Morpheme
Present progressive -ing (without auxiliary) emerges first, around 19–28 months — before plurals, possessives, articles, and past tense.
- Aphasia
WAB Aphasia Quotient
The WAB AQ (0–100) grades severity from spontaneous speech, comprehension, repetition, and naming. Below 93.8 indicates aphasia.
- Aphasia
Broca's Area
Left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann 44/45), fed by the superior division of the left middle cerebral artery.
- Aphasia
Wernicke's Area
Posterior superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann 22), inferior division of the left MCA. Motor programming is intact, so output stays fluent but empty.
- Dysphagia
Penetration vs Aspiration
Penetration: material enters the laryngeal vestibule but stays at or above the true vocal folds. Aspiration: it passes below the folds into the trachea.
- Dysphagia
IDDSI Framework
8 levels (0–7). Drinks run 0–4 (Thin to Extremely Thick); foods run 3–7 (Liquidised to Regular). Levels 3–4 overlap drinks and foods.
- Dysphagia
3-oz Water Swallow Test
Screening: drink 90 mL uninterrupted. Coughing, choking, or a wet-hoarse voice within a minute is a fail — flagging aspiration risk for instrumental study.
- Fluency
Stuttering Onset Age
Developmental stuttering begins between about 2 and 5 years, most commonly near 3. Onset after 8–9 suggests a neurogenic or psychogenic cause.
- Fluency
Preschool Recovery Rate
Roughly 75–80% of preschool children who stutter recover, most within 1–2 years of onset — why risk factors drive treat-now vs monitor.
- Speech Sounds
Intelligibility by Age
To unfamiliar listeners: about 50% at age 2, 75% at age 3, near 100% at age 4. A 3-year-old under 75% warrants concern.
- Speech Sounds
PCC Severity Bands
Percentage of Consonants Correct: above 85% mild, 65–85% mild-moderate, 50–65% moderate-severe, below 50% severe — from connected speech.
- Audiology
Degrees of Hearing Loss
Normal −10 to 15 dB HL; slight 16–25; mild 26–40; moderate 41–55; moderately severe 56–70; severe 71–90; profound 91+.
- Audiology
EHDI 1-3-6 Benchmarks
Hearing screened by 1 month, diagnosed by 3 months, early intervention by 6 months — tied to markedly better language outcomes.
- Voice
Nodules vs Polyps
Nodules: bilateral, at the anterior 1/3–posterior 2/3 junction, from phonotrauma — voice therapy first. Polyps: unilateral, fluid-filled, often surgical.
- Language Dev
Late Talker Criteria
At 24 months: under 50 words and/or no two-word combinations, with typical hearing, cognition, and receptive language. A delay, not yet a diagnosis.
- Language Dev
Early Lexical Milestones
First words around 12 months; a ~50-word expressive vocabulary plus first two-word combinations by 18–24 months.
- Language Dev
Brown's Earliest Morpheme
Present progressive -ing (without auxiliary) emerges first, around 19–28 months — before plurals, possessives, articles, and past tense.
- Aphasia
WAB Aphasia Quotient
The WAB AQ (0–100) grades severity from spontaneous speech, comprehension, repetition, and naming. Below 93.8 indicates aphasia.
- Aphasia
Broca's Area
Left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann 44/45), fed by the superior division of the left middle cerebral artery.
- Aphasia
Wernicke's Area
Posterior superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann 22), inferior division of the left MCA. Motor programming is intact, so output stays fluent but empty.
- Dysphagia
Penetration vs Aspiration
Penetration: material enters the laryngeal vestibule but stays at or above the true vocal folds. Aspiration: it passes below the folds into the trachea.
- Dysphagia
IDDSI Framework
8 levels (0–7). Drinks run 0–4 (Thin to Extremely Thick); foods run 3–7 (Liquidised to Regular). Levels 3–4 overlap drinks and foods.
- Dysphagia
3-oz Water Swallow Test
Screening: drink 90 mL uninterrupted. Coughing, choking, or a wet-hoarse voice within a minute is a fail — flagging aspiration risk for instrumental study.
- Fluency
Stuttering Onset Age
Developmental stuttering begins between about 2 and 5 years, most commonly near 3. Onset after 8–9 suggests a neurogenic or psychogenic cause.
- Fluency
Preschool Recovery Rate
Roughly 75–80% of preschool children who stutter recover, most within 1–2 years of onset — why risk factors drive treat-now vs monitor.
- Speech Sounds
Intelligibility by Age
To unfamiliar listeners: about 50% at age 2, 75% at age 3, near 100% at age 4. A 3-year-old under 75% warrants concern.
- Speech Sounds
PCC Severity Bands
Percentage of Consonants Correct: above 85% mild, 65–85% mild-moderate, 50–65% moderate-severe, below 50% severe — from connected speech.
- Audiology
Degrees of Hearing Loss
Normal −10 to 15 dB HL; slight 16–25; mild 26–40; moderate 41–55; moderately severe 56–70; severe 71–90; profound 91+.
- Audiology
EHDI 1-3-6 Benchmarks
Hearing screened by 1 month, diagnosed by 3 months, early intervention by 6 months — tied to markedly better language outcomes.
- Voice
Nodules vs Polyps
Nodules: bilateral, at the anterior 1/3–posterior 2/3 junction, from phonotrauma — voice therapy first. Polyps: unilateral, fluid-filled, often surgical.