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SHRM-CPFrequently TestedRisk Management Domain
the hierarchy of controls is a favorite exam question

Risk Management and Business Continuity

5

Control Hierarchy

Elimination substitution engineering admin PPE

4

Risk Strategies

Avoid mitigate transfer accept

3

BCP Components

Assessment recovery testing

Hierarchy of Controls

from most effective to least effective

PPE is the LEAST effective control because it does not eliminate the hazard

Elimination

MOST EFFECTIVE

Substitution

Engineering Controls

Administrative Controls

PPE

LEAST EFFECTIVE

Risk Treatment Strategies

Avoid

Eliminate the activity that creates the risk entirely

Mitigate

Reduce the probability or impact of the risk through controls

Transfer

Shift the financial impact to a third party through insurance or outsourcing

Accept

Acknowledge the risk exists and choose to proceed without additional action

Business Continuity Planning

A business continuity plan ensures the organization can maintain essential functions during and after a disaster. It starts with a risk assessment, moves to recovery strategies, and must be tested regularly. A plan that sits on a shelf untested is not a plan.

1

Risk Assessment

Identify threats, vulnerabilities, and the impact on business operations

2

Recovery Strategies

Define how critical functions will continue and in what order they will be restored

3

Testing and Exercises

Run tabletop exercises and simulations to validate the plan works before a real event

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Exam Traps

PPE Is the LEAST Effective Control

PPE protects the individual but does nothing to eliminate the hazard itself. The exam will offer PPE as a tempting answer. Choose elimination or engineering controls when available.

Elimination or Engineering First

When a question asks for the most effective control, always look for elimination first. If elimination is not an option, engineering controls are next. Administrative controls and PPE are lower in the hierarchy.

Risk Transfer Shifts, It Does Not Eliminate

Buying insurance or outsourcing a function transfers the financial impact of a risk. The risk itself still exists. The exam tests whether you understand that transferring risk is not the same as removing it.

PPE Last, Always

Personal protective equipment is the last line of defense. It does not fix the problem. It just protects one person at a time.

Transfer ≠ Eliminate

Insurance transfers risk to the insurer. The hazard still exists. Outsourcing transfers responsibility. The risk still exists.

1
Elimination

Remove the knife from the kitchen entirely. No knife, no cut. This is the most effective control because the hazard no longer exists.

2
Substitution

Replace the sharp chef knife with a safer food processor. The task still gets done, but with a less dangerous tool.

3
Engineering Controls

Add a blade guard to the knife. The hazard is still there, but a physical barrier reduces the chance of injury.

4
Administrative Controls and PPE

Administrative controls are like a training video on knife safety. PPE is a cut-resistant glove. Both depend on the person actually following through, which is why they are the weakest.

Eliminate first. PPE last. Always.
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Reviewed by Sarah L., PrepSolution Content Editor, HR
Sources verified against SHRM 2026 standards
Updated May 2026